ABSTRACT
For the third time in the past few decades, the novel coronavirus has been named the most lethal ever, able to infect animals and humans all over the world. Healthcare policy uses advanced technology like artificial intelligence (AI), deep machine learning, and big data to combat and forecast emerging diseases. AI is increasingly being used to aid in disease detection, prevention, response, rehabilitation, and clinical analysis. Since these developments are still in the early stages, minimum development is being made in their application for significant deliberation at the local and international strategy levels. Nonetheless, a new example demonstrates that AI-driven systems are becoming more reliable. Companies like BlueDot and Metabiota used AI to predict the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in China before it shocked the world in late 2019 by monitoring its effects and spread. Using computational techniques to discover new target drugs and vaccines in silico is one approach. Drug repurposing is a method for discovering new applications for existing or experimental drugs. A drug repurposing approach is a viable option for novel diseases like COVID-19. Drug discovery and vaccination, biological research, remote video diagnosis, tracking patient contacts, COVID-19 recognition and therapy via smart robots, and identification of noncontact infection are all areas where AI will be used in the future. This chapter aims to look at AI-based technology for coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome diagnosis, management, drug repurposing medications, novel drug discovery, and vaccines, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Phytonutrients (plant chemicals) called flavonoids may be detected in almost all fruits and vegetables. They are responsible for the brilliant colors of fruits and vegetables, together with carotenoids. Flavonoids, like other phytonutrients, are potent antioxidants with antiinflammatory and immune-enhancing characteristics. Polyphenols may diminish severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection by linking to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) linking site and limiting viral entrance, as well as regulating the severity of COVID-19 lung destruction by controlling ACE-2 expression. A new potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the co-receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) may induce the expansion of newer COVID-19 treatment methods, in addition to ACE-2. After glycosylation, flavonoids' solubility in water is significantly enhanced, which increases their pharmacological actions. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects have been discovered in resveratrol (RSV). Quercetin was discovered to have a possible repressing consequence against SARS-CoV-2 in a computer simulation. Main protease (Mpro) had a significant preference for quercetin. According to a computer study, the flavonoids icariin, myricitrin, naringin, quercitrin, and neohesperidin have a significant interaction potential for transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). The bioavailability improvement of quercetin has also been shown in vivo. The novel nanovesicles exhibited extended drug durability and significant therapeutic impact compared to uncoated ones due to chitosan resistance to stomach acid. This chapter aims to explain the use of flavonoids and other polyphenols against SARS-CoV-2. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Vaccines and antiviral treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are progressing at an incredible rate. To protect further lives, the world is eager for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral peptides (AVPs), also termed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have antiviral properties, although little is known. AVPs are a group of small polycationic antivirals (8–40 amino acids long) having strong wide-range antiviral activity. Surprisingly, AVPs have been shown to have preventive and therapeutic actions against coronaviruses (CoVs). Peptides and proteins contain significant therapeutic potential. More research is needed to explore the possibilities of a wide range of lipidated (and non-lipidated) peptide medications;lipidation is a helpful tool for reducing drug degradation and extending half-life, with some of these benefits likely due to self-assembly. This chapter aims to use peptides and lipopeptides against SARS-CoV-2. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Fruit, vegetables, and green tea contain quercetin (a flavonoid). Some of the diet's most signifi-cant sources of quercetin are apples, onions, tomatoes, broccoli, and green tea. Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti-viral effects have been studied of quercetin. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymer-ase, and other essential viral life-cycle enzymes are all prevented from entering the body by quercetin. Despite extensive in vitro and in vivo investigations on the immune-modulating effects of quercetin and vitamin C treatment. 3-methyl-quercetin has been shown to bind to essential proteins necessary to convert minus-strand RNA into positive-strand RNAs, preventing the replication of viral RNA in the cytoplasm. Quercetin has been identified as a potential SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease (3CLpro) suppressor in recent molecular docking studies and in silico assessment of herbal medicines. It has been demonstrated that quercetin increases the expression of heme oxygenase-1 through the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signal network. Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 may increase bilirubin synthesis, an endoge-nous antioxidant that defends cells. When human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells were exposed to lipo-polysaccharide (LPS), inflammatory cytokine production was inhibited. The magnesium (Mg+2) cation complexation improves quercetin free radical scavenging capacity, preventing oxidant loss and cell death. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the pharmacological effects of quercetin, its protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and any potential molecular processes.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Vitamins are very important to stay healthy. Taking macronutrients and micronutrients based on the body's needs prevents us from diseases and can treat them. Vitamins have proven to help deal with severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients. Vitamin C intake seems to boost immunity. Several studies suggested that vitamin C intake can lower the extent of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) besides its other biological functions such as collagen formation and wound healing. Vitamin C works as an anti-oxidant, counteracting the free radicals during an infection. Whenever an infection or disease occurs, it causes the production of reactive oxygen species, or such oxidizing agents help in the inactivation of viruses. Vitamin D is another important micronutrient to treat and prevent URTIs. Commonly, it is recommended for bone and teeth health, but it has also been used for regulating and boosting the immune system. Nutraceutical applications of vitamins are inevitable. Different natural products and foods are good sources of vitamins that can be taken for improved functions of the human body and treatment of diseases. Besides the oral route, vitamins C and D can also be supplied via micro or nanoparticles through other routes. An adequate intake of vitamins positively affects the body in the fight against infections. So, it can also help reduce the severity of illness and morbidity of patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: Lactoferrin (Lf) has been shown to have antiviral action against a variety of animal and human viruses, particularly deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses. This review aims to summarize the pharmacological activities that lead to the influential role of Lf against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: An all-inclusive search of published articles was carried out to focus on publications related to Lf and its biological/pharmacological activities using various literature databases, including the scientific databases Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, EMBASE, and Scientific Information (SID). Results: By acting on cell targets, Lf prevents viral attachment, surface accumulation on the host cell, and virus penetration. Lf has shown high antiviral effectiveness across a broad spectrum of viruses, suggesting that it might be used to cure and prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lf can also attach to viral particles directly, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), and steer them away from certain sites. LF has a powerful attraction for iron, with a constant of approximately 10(20) . Lf capacity to link iron relies on the existence of (minute amounts of) bicarbonate. The bacteriostatic effect of Lf is due to its capability to come together with free iron, which is one of the ingredients necessary for bacterial development. Lf located in neutrophil secondary granules is essential for host defense. Conclusion: Researchers confirmed that Lf activates natural killer (NK) cells in a study. Lf has been shown in certain studies to prevent patronization in pseudovirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases that leads to attenuation of SARS-CoV-2. Lf may decrease inflammation induced by microbial exposure and directly reduce bacterial growth. It is concluded that Lf possesses antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antiviral, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities, which ultimately act as an antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 via various mechanisms.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the outcomes in term of hospital stay and mortality between vaccinated and nonvaccinated covid-19 patients. Study Design: Prospective/Observational Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Medicine department of Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi and Pak International Medical College Hayatabad Peshawar for six months duration from December 2020 to May 2021. Methodology: One hundred ten patients of either gender with covid-19 disease were enrolled. All the patients were confirmed with RT PCR. Patients were randomly divided in to two groups. Group I (vaccinated) comprised of 45 patients and group II (non-vaccinated) comprised of 65 patients. Severity of disease, hospital stay and mortality were compared between both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0. Results: There were 74 (67.27%) males while 36 (32.73%) patients were females. Mean age of patients was 50.54±12.76 years. Mean BMI was 26.23±2.44 kg/m2. 10 (22.22%) patients in vaccinated group and 40 (61.54%) in nonvaccinated group had severe covid-19 disease, a significant difference was observed regarding severity of disease between both groups with p-value <0.05. Mortality rate and hospital stay were also high in nonvaccinated patients as compared to vaccinated (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that non-vaccinated patients of covid-19 had prolonged hospital stay and high rate of severity of disease and mortality as compared to vaccinated patients.